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在近年来的深度学习领域，Transformer模型凭借其在自然语言处理（NLP）中的卓越表现，迅速成为研究热点。尤其是基于自注意力（Self-Attention）机制的模型，更是推动了NLP的飞速发展。然而，随着研究的深入，Transformer模型不仅在NLP领域大放异彩，还被引入到计算机视觉领域，形成了Vision Transformer（ViT）。ViT模型在不依赖传统卷积神经网络（CNN）的情况下，依然能够在图像分类任务中取得优异的效果。本文将深入解析ViT模型的结构、特点，并通过代码示例展示如何使用MindSpore框架实现ViT模型的训练、验证和推理。

ViT模型结构

ViT模型的主体结构基于Transformer模型的编码器（Encoder）部分，其整体结构如下图所示：

模型特点

为什么要使用Patch Embedding？

在传统的Transformer模型中，输入通常是一维的词向量序列，而图像数据是二维的像素矩阵。为了将图像数据转换为Transformer可以处理的形式，我们需要将图像划分为多个小块（patch），并将每个patch转换为一维向量。这一过程称为Patch Embedding。通过这种方式，我们可以将图像数据转换为类似于词向量的形式，从而利用Transformer模型处理图像数据。
为什么要使用位置编码（Position Embedding）？

由于Transformer模型在处理输入序列时不考虑顺序信息，因此在图像数据中，patch之间的空间关系可能会丢失。为了解决这个问题，我们引入了位置编码（Position Embedding），它为每个patch增加了位置信息，使得模型能够识别不同patch之间的空间关系。这对于保留图像的空间结构信息非常重要。

1. Patch Embedding：输入图像被划分为多个patch（图像块），然后将每个二维patch转换为一维向量，并加上类别向量和位置向量作为模型输入。
2. Transformer Encoder：模型主体的Block结构基于Transformer的Encoder部分，主要结构是多头注意力（Multi-Head Attention）和前馈神经网络（Feed Forward）。
3. 分类头（Head）：在Transformer Encoder堆叠后接一个全连接层，用于分类。

环境准备与数据读取

开始实验之前，请确保本地已经安装了Python环境和MindSpore。

首先下载本案例的数据集，该数据集是从ImageNet中筛选出来的子集。数据集路径结构如下：

.dataset/├── ILSVRC2012_devkit_t12.tar.gz├── train/├── infer/└── val/

from download import download
import os
import mindspore as ms
from mindspore.dataset import ImageFolderDataset
import mindspore.dataset.vision as transforms# 下载数据集
dataset_url = "https://mindspore-website.obs.cn-north-4.myhuaweicloud.com/notebook/datasets/vit_imagenet_dataset.zip"
path = "./"
path = download(dataset_url, path, kind="zip", replace=True)data_path = './dataset/'
mean = [0.485 * 255, 0.456 * 255, 0.406 * 255]
std = [0.229 * 255, 0.224 * 255, 0.225 * 255]dataset_train = ImageFolderDataset(os.path.join(data_path, "train"), shuffle=True)trans_train = [transforms.RandomCropDecodeResize(size=224, scale=(0.08, 1.0), ratio=(0.75, 1.333)),transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(prob=0.5),transforms.Normalize(mean=mean, std=std),transforms.HWC2CHW()
]dataset_train = dataset_train.map(operations=trans_train, input_columns=["image"])
dataset_train = dataset_train.batch(batch_size=16, drop_remainder=True)

Transformer基本原理

Transformer模型源于2017年的一篇文章，其主要结构为多个编码器和解码器模块。编码器和解码器由多头注意力（Multi-Head Attention）、前馈神经网络（Feed Forward）、归一化层（Normalization）和残差连接（Residual Connection）组成。

Self-Attention机制

Self-Attention机制是Transformer的核心，其主要步骤如下：

1. 输入向量映射：将输入向量映射成Query（Q）、Key（K）、Value（V）三个向量。
2. 计算注意力权重：通过点乘计算Query和Key的相似性，并通过Softmax函数归一化。
3. 加权求和：使用注意力权重对Value进行加权求和，得到最终的Attention输出。

以下是Self-Attention的代码实现：

from mindspore import nn, opsclass Attention(nn.Cell):def __init__(self, dim: int, num_heads: int = 8, keep_prob: float = 1.0, attention_keep_prob: float = 1.0):super(Attention, self).__init__()self.num_heads = num_headshead_dim = dim // num_headsself.scale = ms.Tensor(head_dim ** -0.5)self.qkv = nn.Dense(dim, dim * 3)self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(p=1.0-attention_keep_prob)self.out = nn.Dense(dim, dim)self.out_drop = nn.Dropout(p=1.0-keep_prob)self.attn_matmul_v = ops.BatchMatMul()self.q_matmul_k = ops.BatchMatMul(transpose_b=True)self.softmax = nn.Softmax(axis=-1)def construct(self, x):b, n, c = x.shapeqkv = self.qkv(x)qkv = ops.reshape(qkv, (b, n, 3, self.num_heads, c // self.num_heads))qkv = ops.transpose(qkv, (2, 0, 3, 1, 4))q, k, v = ops.unstack(qkv, axis=0)attn = self.q_matmul_k(q, k)attn = ops.mul(attn, self.scale)attn = self.softmax(attn)attn = self.attn_drop(attn)out = self.attn_matmul_v(attn, v)out = ops.transpose(out, (0, 2, 1, 3))out = ops.reshape(out, (b, n, c))out = self.out(out)out = self.out_drop(out)return out

Transformer Encoder

为什么要使用残差连接（Residual Connection）和归一化层（Normalization Layer）？

在深层神经网络中，随着层数的增加，梯度消失和梯度爆炸的问题变得越来越严重。残差连接通过在每一层加上输入的跳跃连接，可以有效缓解这些问题，确保信息能够顺利传递。此外，归一化层（如LayerNorm）可以加速模型的训练，并提高模型的稳定性和泛化能力。这些技术的结合，使得Transformer模型能够在更深的层次上进行有效的训练。

Transformer Encoder由多层Self-Attention和前馈神经网络（Feed Forward）组成，通过残差连接和归一化层增强模型的训练效果和泛化能力。

class FeedForward(nn.Cell):def __init__(self, in_features: int, hidden_features: Optional[int] = None, out_features: Optional[int] = None, activation: nn.Cell = nn.GELU, keep_prob: float = 1.0):super(FeedForward, self).__init__()out_features = out_features or in_featureshidden_features = hidden_features or in_featuresself.dense1 = nn.Dense(in_features, hidden_features)self.activation = activation()self.dense2 = nn.Dense(hidden_features, out_features)self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=1.0-keep_prob)def construct(self, x):x = self.dense1(x)x = self.activation(x)x = self.dropout(x)x = self.dense2(x)x = self.dropout(x)return xclass ResidualCell(nn.Cell):def __init__(self, cell):super(ResidualCell, self).__init__()self.cell = celldef construct(self, x):return self.cell(x) + xclass TransformerEncoder(nn.Cell):def __init__(self, dim: int, num_layers: int, num_heads: int, mlp_dim: int, keep_prob: float = 1., attention_keep_prob: float = 1.0, drop_path_keep_prob: float = 1.0, activation: nn.Cell = nn.GELU, norm: nn.Cell = nn.LayerNorm):super(TransformerEncoder, self).__init__()layers = []for _ in range(num_layers):normalization1 = norm((dim,))normalization2 = norm((dim,))attention = Attention(dim=dim, num_heads=num_heads, keep_prob=keep_prob, attention_keep_prob=attention_keep_prob)feedforward = FeedForward(in_features=dim, hidden_features=mlp_dim, activation=activation, keep_prob=keep_prob)layers.append(nn.SequentialCell([ResidualCell(nn.SequentialCell([normalization1, attention])), ResidualCell(nn.SequentialCell([normalization2, feedforward]))]))self.layers = nn.SequentialCell(layers)def construct(self, x):return self.layers(x)

ViT模型的输入

ViT模型通过将输入图像划分为多个patch，将每个patch转换为一维向量，并加上类别向量和位置向量作为模型输入。以下是Patch Embedding的代码实现：

class PatchEmbedding(nn.Cell):MIN_NUM_PATCHES = 4def __init__(self, image_size: int = 224, patch_size: int = 16, embed_dim: int = 768, input_channels: int = 3):super(PatchEmbedding, self).__init__()self.image_size = image_sizeself.patch_size = patch_sizeself.num_patches = (image_size // patch_size) ** 2self.conv = nn.Conv2d(input_channels, embed_dim, kernel_size=patch_size, stride=patch_size, has_bias=True)def construct(self, x):x = self.conv(x)b, c, h, w = x.shapex = ops.reshape(x, (b, c, h * w))x = ops.transpose(x, (0, 2, 1))return x

整体构建ViT

以下代码构建了一个完整的ViT模型：

from mindspore.common.initializer import Normal
from mindspore.common.initializer import initializer
from mindspore import Parameterdef init(init_type, shape, dtype, name, requires_grad):initial = initializer(init_type, shape, dtype).init_data()return Parameter(initial, name=name, requires_grad=requires_grad)class ViT(nn.Cell):def __init__(self, image_size: int = 224, input_channels: int = 3, patch_size: int = 16, embed_dim: int = 768, num_layers: int = 12, num_heads: int = 12, mlp_dim: int = 3072, keep_prob: float = 1.0, attention_keep_prob: float = 1.0, drop_path_keep_prob: float = 1.0, activation: nn.Cell = nn.GELU, norm: Optional[nn.Cell] = nn.LayerNorm, pool: str = 'cls') -> None:super(ViT, self).__init__()self.patch_embedding = PatchEmbedding(image_size=image_size, patch_size=patch_size, embed_dim=embed_dim, input_channels=input_channels)num_patches = self.patch_embedding.num_patchesself.cls_token = init(init_type=Normal(sigma=1.0), shape=(1, 1, embed_dim), dtype=ms.float32, name='cls', requires_grad=True)self.pos_embedding = init(init_type=Normal(sigma=1.0), shape=(1, num_patches + 1, embed_dim), dtype=ms.float32, name='pos_embedding', requires_grad=True)self.pool = poolself.pos_dropout = nn.Dropout(p=1.0-keep_prob)self.norm = norm((embed_dim,))self.transformer = TransformerEncoder(dim=embed_dim, num_layers=num_layers, num_heads=num_heads, mlp_dim=mlp_dim, keep_prob=keep_prob, attention_keep_prob=attention_keep_prob, drop_path_keep_prob=drop_path_keep_prob, activation=activation, norm=norm)self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=1.0-keep_prob)self.dense = nn.Dense(embed_dim, num_classes)def construct(self, x):x = self.patch_embedding(x)cls_tokens = ops.tile(self.cls_token.astype(x.dtype), (x.shape[0], 1, 1))x = ops.concat((cls_tokens, x), axis=1)x += self.pos_embeddingx = self.pos_dropout(x)x = self.transformer(x)x = self.norm(x)x = x[:, 0]if self.training:x = self.dropout(x)x = self.dense(x)return x

模型训练与推理

模型训练

模型训练前，需要设定损失函数、优化器和回调函数。以下是训练ViT模型的代码：

from mindspore.nn import LossBase
from mindspore.train import LossMonitor, TimeMonitor, CheckpointConfig, ModelCheckpoint
from mindspore import train# 定义超参数
epoch_size = 10
momentum = 0.9
num_classes = 1000
resize = 224
step_size = dataset_train.get_dataset_size()# 构建模型
network = ViT()# 加载预训练模型参数
vit_url = "https://download.mindspore.cn/vision/classification/vit_b_16_224.ckpt"
path = "./ckpt/vit_b_16_224.ckpt"
vit_path = download(vit_url, path, replace=True)
param_dict = ms.load_checkpoint(vit_path)
ms.load_param_into_net(network, param_dict)# 定义学习率
lr = nn.cosine_decay_lr(min_lr=float(0), max_lr=0.00005, total_step=epoch_size * step_size, step_per_epoch=step_size, decay_epoch=10)# 定义优化器
network_opt = nn.Adam(network.trainable_params(), lr, momentum)# 定义损失函数
class CrossEntropySmooth(LossBase):def __init__(self, sparse=True, reduction='mean', smooth_factor=0., num_classes=1000):super(CrossEntropySmooth, self).__init__()self.onehot = ops.OneHot()self.sparse = sparseself.on_value = ms.Tensor(1.0 - smooth_factor, ms.float32)self.off_value = ms.Tensor(1.0 * smooth_factor / (num_classes - 1), ms.float32)self.ce = nn.SoftmaxCrossEntropyWithLogits(reduction=reduction)def construct(self, logit, label):if self.sparse:label = self.onehot(label, ops.shape(logit)[1], self.on_value, self.off_value)loss = self.ce(logit, label)return lossnetwork_loss = CrossEntropySmooth(sparse=True, reduction="mean", smooth_factor=0.1, num_classes=num_classes)# 设置检查点
ckpt_config = CheckpointConfig(save_checkpoint_steps=step_size, keep_checkpoint_max=100)
ckpt_callback = ModelCheckpoint(prefix='vit_b_16', directory='./ViT', config=ckpt_config)# 初始化模型
ascend_target = (ms.get_context("device_target") == "Ascend")
if ascend_target:model = train.Model(network, loss_fn=network_loss, optimizer=network_opt, metrics={"acc"}, amp_level="O2")
else:model = train.Model(network, loss_fn=network_loss, optimizer=network_opt, metrics={"acc"}, amp_level="O0")# 训练模型
model.train(epoch_size, dataset_train, callbacks=[ckpt_callback, LossMonitor(125), TimeMonitor(125)], dataset_sink_mode=False)

模型验证

模型验证过程主要应用了ImageFolderDataset，CrossEntropySmooth和Model等接口。以下是验证ViT模型的代码：

dataset_val = ImageFolderDataset(os.path.join(data_path, "val"), shuffle=True)trans_val = [transforms.Decode(),transforms.Resize(224 + 32),transforms.CenterCrop(224),transforms.Normalize(mean=mean, std=std),transforms.HWC2CHW()
]dataset_val = dataset_val.map(operations=trans_val, input_columns=["image"])
dataset_val = dataset_val.batch(batch_size=16, drop_remainder=True)# 构建模型
network = ViT()# 加载预训练模型参数
param_dict = ms.load_checkpoint(vit_path)
ms.load_param_into_net(network, param_dict)network_loss = CrossEntropySmooth(sparse=True, reduction="mean", smooth_factor=0.1, num_classes=num_classes)# 定义评价指标
eval_metrics = {'Top_1_Accuracy': train.Top1CategoricalAccuracy(), 'Top_5_Accuracy': train.Top5CategoricalAccuracy()}if ascend_target:model = train.Model(network, loss_fn=network_loss, optimizer=network_opt, metrics=eval_metrics, amp_level="O2")
else:model = train.Model(network, loss_fn=network_loss, optimizer=network_opt, metrics=eval_metrics, amp_level="O0")# 验证模型
result = model.eval(dataset_val)
print(result)

模型推理

在进行模型推理之前，首先要定义一个对推理图片进行数据预处理的方法。以下是推理ViT模型的代码：

dataset_infer = ImageFolderDataset(os.path.join(data_path, "infer"), shuffle=True)trans_infer = [transforms.Decode(),transforms.Resize([224, 224]),transforms.Normalize(mean=mean, std=std),transforms.HWC2CHW()
]dataset_infer = dataset_infer.map(operations=trans_infer, input_columns=["image"], num_parallel_workers=1)
dataset_infer = dataset_infer.batch(1)# 读取推理数据
for i, image in enumerate(dataset_infer.create_dict_iterator(output_numpy=True)):image = image["image"]image = ms.Tensor(image)prob = model.predict(image)label = np.argmax(prob.asnumpy(), axis=1)mapping = index2label()output = {int(label): mapping[int(label)]}print(output)show_result(img="./dataset/infer/n01440764/ILSVRC2012_test_00000279.JPEG", result=output, out_file="./dataset/infer/ILSVRC2012_test_00000279.JPEG")