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async
在 C++ 中,async 关键字用于实现异步编程,它允许你定义异步操作,这些操作可以在后台执行,而不会阻塞当前线程。这是 C++11 引入的特性,与 std::async 函数和 std::future 类一起使用。与thread函数模板的区别在于async可以有返回值,thread无返回值。
简单入门
// ConsoleApplication10.cpp : 此文件包含 "main" 函数。程序执行将在此处开始并结束。
//#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <cstdint>
#include <future>#include <list>
using  namespace std;int mythread()
{cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " start " << endl << endl;std::chrono::milliseconds dura(3000);std::this_thread::sleep_for(dura);cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() <<" end " << endl << endl;return 5;}int main()
{cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;std::future<int> ret =  std::async(mythread);cout << ret.get() << endl; //堵塞获取值,注意:get函数只能调用一次,不能多次调用//注意:如果不写get,程序会等子线程退出后在自行退出cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;return 0;
} 
中级过度
// ConsoleApplication10.cpp : 此文件包含 "main" 函数。程序执行将在此处开始并结束。
//#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <cstdint>
#include <future>#include <list>
using  namespace std;class A
{
public:int mythread(int myint){cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " start " << endl << endl;cout << "myint = " << myint << endl;std::chrono::milliseconds dura(3000);std::this_thread::sleep_for(dura);cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " end " << endl << endl;return 5;}
};int main()
{cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;A a;int num = 100;std::future<int> ret =  std::async(&A::mythread,&a,num);//传入可调用对象 &a == std::ref(a)都是引用传递 相当于传递了this指针。cout << ret.get() << endl; //堵塞获取值cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;return 0;
} 
高手使用
在 C++ 中,std::async 函数用于启动一个异步任务,并且可以与 std::launch 策略一起使用来控制任务的执行方式。std::launch 是 std::launch 枚举的一个值,它指示 std::async 以延迟(deferred)的方式执行给定的可调用对象。
当你使用 std::launch::deferred 时,std::async 将立即返回一个 std::future 对象,但不会立即执行传入的函数或函数对象。相反,函数的执行被延迟,直到你显式地请求结果,通常是通过调用 std::future::get 方法。这允许你在不阻塞当前线程的情况下启动异步操作。
意思就是说在调用get的函数,才开始执行程序,且是在主线程执行的,不调用的话函数不会运行。
// ConsoleApplication10.cpp : 此文件包含 "main" 函数。程序执行将在此处开始并结束。
//#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <cstdint>
#include <future>#include <list>
using  namespace std;class A
{
public:int mythread(int myint){cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " start " << endl << endl;cout << "myint = " << myint << endl;std::chrono::milliseconds dura(3000);std::this_thread::sleep_for(dura);cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " end " << endl << endl;return 5;}
};int main()
{cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;A a;int num = 100;std::future<int> ret =  std::async(std::launch::async|std::launch::deferred,&A::mythread,&a,num);//传入可调用对象 &a == std::ref(a)都是引用传递 相当于传递了this指针。cout << ret.get() << endl; //堵塞获取值cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;return 0;
} 
package_task
在 C++ 中,std::packaged_task 是一个类模板,它用于包装任何可调用对象(如函数、lambda 表达式、函数对象等),以便它可以被异步调用。它的返回值或抛出的异常被存储在一个共享状态中,可以通过 std::future 对象访问。std::packaged_task 与 std::future 结合使用时,可以轻松管理异步操作。
以下是如何使用 std::packaged_task 的基本步骤:
-  
创建
std::packaged_task对象:你可以创建一个std::packaged_task对象,并将一个可调用对象(如函数或 lambda 表达式)传递给它。 -  
获取
std::future对象:通过调用get_future()方法,你可以获取一个std::future对象,该对象可以用来获取异步操作的结果。 -  
启动异步任务:你可以通过在新的线程中调用
std::packaged_task对象来启动异步任务。 -  
等待结果:使用
std::future对象的get()方法来等待异步操作完成并获取结果。 
简单入门
// ConsoleApplication10.cpp : 此文件包含 "main" 函数。程序执行将在此处开始并结束。
//#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <cstdint>
#include <future>#include <list>
using  namespace std;int mythread(int myint)
{cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " start " << endl << endl;cout << "myint = " << myint << endl;std::chrono::milliseconds dura(3000);std::this_thread::sleep_for(dura);cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " end " << endl << endl;return 5;}int main()
{cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;//std::packaged_task类模板std::packaged_task<int(int)>mypt(mythread); //把函数mytherad通过package_task包装std::thread t1(std::ref(mypt),120);t1.join(); //这里的join不可以省略
//执行完毕future<int>ret = mypt.get_future(); //获取到future对象。cout << "fun finish ret = " << ret.get() << endl;cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;return 0;
} 
中级过度
// ConsoleApplication10.cpp : 此文件包含 "main" 函数。程序执行将在此处开始并结束。
//#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <cstdint>
#include <future>#include <list>
using  namespace std;int mythread(int myint)
{cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " start " << endl << endl;cout << "myint = " << myint << endl;std::chrono::milliseconds dura(3000);std::this_thread::sleep_for(dura);cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " end " << endl << endl;return 5;}int main()
{cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;//std::packaged_task类模板std::packaged_task<int(int)>mypt([](int num) { cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " start " << endl << endl;cout << "myint = " << num << endl;std::chrono::milliseconds dura(3000);std::this_thread::sleep_for(dura);cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " end " << endl << endl;return 5;}); //把函数mytherad通过package_task包装mypt(300); //包装对象可以直接调用。,在主线程执行,未创建线程//执行完毕future<int>ret = mypt.get_future(); //获取到future对象。cout << "fun finish ret = " << ret.get() << endl;cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;return 0;
} 
高手使用
// ConsoleApplication10.cpp : 此文件包含 "main" 函数。程序执行将在此处开始并结束。
//#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <cstdint>
#include <future>#include <list>
using  namespace std;class A
{
public:int mythread(int myint){cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " start " << endl << endl;cout << "myint = " << myint << endl;std::chrono::milliseconds dura(3000);std::this_thread::sleep_for(dura);cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " end " << endl << endl;return 5;}
};int mythread(int myint)
{cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " start " << endl << endl;cout << "myint = " << myint << endl;std::chrono::milliseconds dura(3000);std::this_thread::sleep_for(dura);cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " end " << endl << endl;return 5;}vector<std::packaged_task<int(int)> > mystatsks;int main()
{cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;//std::packaged_task类模板std::packaged_task<int(int)>mypt([](int num) { cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " start " << endl << endl;cout << "myint = " << num << endl;std::chrono::milliseconds dura(3000);std::this_thread::sleep_for(dura);cout << "func " << "  threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << " end " << endl << endl;return 5;}); //把函数mytherad通过package_task包装cout << "mypt.valid = " << mypt.valid() << endl;//mystatsks.push_back( (mypt) ); //默认是调用拷贝构造,此处内部被删除了mystatsks.push_back(std::move(mypt)); //移动到容器中。 mypt就无效了cout << "mypt.valid = " << mypt.valid() << endl;std::packaged_task<int(int)>mypt2;auto it = mystatsks.begin(); //获取第一个元素mypt2 = std::move(*it); //移动到mypt2cout <<"mystsks.size() = "<< mystatsks.size() << endl;mystatsks.erase(it);mypt2(123);std::future<int>ret =mypt2.get_future() ;cout << "ret = " << ret.get();cout << "=========================================== " << " threadid = " << this_thread::get_id() << endl << endl;return 0;
} 
promise
在 C++11 及以后的版本中,std::promise 是一个模板类,它提供了一种方式来存储值或异常,并且可以在稍后某个时刻通过 std::future 对象访问这些值或异常。std::promise 通常与 std::future 一起使用,以实现线程间的数据传递或同步。
以下是 std::promise 的一些关键特点和用法:
-  
存储值:
std::promise可以存储一个值,这个值可以是任何类型,包括自定义类型。 -  
存储异常:如果
std::promise存储了一个异常,那么当std::future对象尝试获取值时,这个异常会被抛出。 -  
设置值:一旦
std::promise被设置(通过set_value或set_value_at_thread方法),它就不能再次被设置。如果尝试再次设置,将抛出std::future_error异常。 -  
获取值:
std::future对象使用get方法从关联的std::promise获取值。如果std::promise存储了异常,get将抛出这个异常。 -  
等待:
std::future对象可以使用wait或wait_for方法等待std::promise设置值。 -  
移动语义:
std::promise对象可以被移动,但不能被复制。 
其他线程使用可以参数我主页中的 C语言:高级并发操作(线程)文章。
